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汉英翻译（上）教案
主讲：魏志成教授
第8单元
I 提示
·原文来源
原文选自黄金祺编，1986年，《英汉对照外交文书教程》下册，北京：世界知识出版社。
·译文来源
< 1 > 译文1选自黄金祺编，1986年，《英汉对照外交文书教程》下册，北京：世界知识出版社。
< 2 > 译文2选自汪尧田、邵望予、高锦海、陈慰慈主编，1989年，《实用英汉国际商务词汇》，上海：知识出版社。
·语体特征与翻译策略
< 1 > 篇章 本单元为法律文件，属于语域中的正式语体。原文段落结构严谨而又清晰，有表示段落过渡的标志词，这些标志词还包括表示次序的“第一条”、“第二条”等。因而段落关系逻辑性强，体现了法律文书的严谨性和权威性。
< 2 > 句式 法律文件是规定缔约双方应做什么，而不是提出问题或进行商榷，因此协定中都是陈述句，没有疑问句；同时，协定为了使规定明确，排除被曲解的可能性，并要对每件事情都详细阐明，所以都是完整句，不用省略句，而且很少简单句，通常都有大量定语、状语结构的复句，句子都比较长。在标点符号使用方面，法律文件中的标点符号的使用是比较有限的，通常使用的只有逗号、句号、冒号、分号等。法律文件要求明确详细规定在什么情况下、什么时间或什么地点以什么方式做什么，这就需要使用大量的时间、地点、条件、方式等状语。法律文件中也使用大量的定语结构，来精确地说明一些名词。法律文件中的动词结构比较简单，这是因为法律文件主要是规定必须做的和可以做的是事。法律文件重视精确，而不强调修辞。
< 3 > 语义 汉语法律文书中的词汇也有别于其他文本之处，如庄重性，平实性，规范性。庄重性表现在不用比喻，比拟，借代，夸张，双关等修辞格形式。另外也使用一些古词语，如其，系，予以，加以，判以，免于，鉴于等。平实性表现在用词质朴，不求矫饰，语句凝练，褒贬分明，有关事件，地点，动机，手法，情节，后果，涉及人物等都要求清晰明了，不容含混。规范性是指各国法律文书的格式统一，行文笔调一致，篇章结构也有统一要求，尤其是同类文本中一些开头结尾部分几乎是一致的。
< 4 > 翻译策略 需要尽力了解英语法律文本的语体特征。在词语方面，英语法律文书与汉语法律文书一样，为了表意的庄重与正式，尽量使用一些书卷气较浓的正式语言，而不用口语性语言，这些正式性语言包括古语词，如hereafter/ hereinafter / in witness whereof等；源出法语的词汇：proposal /effect/ schedule/ duly/ policy/ subject/ terms/ conditions/ contract/ accept;源出拉丁语的词汇：basis/ table/ register/ state/ declaration；法律法语和拉丁语：pro rata/ pro forma等。 科学语言在准确的前提下以精练为上乘，法律科学亦然，法律文件更是如此。 总体上来讲，法律文书的翻译应该遵循以下几个原则，第一，条理清晰；第二，语言明确；第三，行文严谨；第四，符合规格范式。（吕俊，侯向群. 2001：183）
II 译法要点
8.1标题英译 8.2误用：介词
8.3语体：古体词 8.4精练：以词代替词组
8.5语体：法律用语与日常用语 8.6变通：增补（宾语）
8.7误用：语态 8.8回译：名称
8.9 名词的单数与复数 8.10精练：去掉多余的词
8.11变通：合译（复句→简单句） 8.12精练：动词句型
8.13翻译主体与连词选用 8.14 误用：must
8.15 选词：一般与具体 8.16精练：以前置定语代替后置定语
8.17变通：合译（并列句→复句/简单句） 8.18选词：一般词与语体词
8.19顺译：标点符号(冒号) 8.20 翻译与意识形态
III 原文与译文
【原文】
中华人民共和国中外合资
经营企业法(I)
(一九七九年七月一日第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过,一九七九年
七月八日公布施行)
第一条 中华人民共和国为了扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，允许外国公司、企业和其它经济组织或个人(以下简称外国合营者)，按照平等互利的原则，经中国政府批准，在中华人民共和国境内，同中国的公司、企业或其它经济组织(以下简称中国合营者)共同举办合营企业。
第二条 中国政府依法保护外国合营者按照经中国政府批准的协议、合同、章程在合营企业的投资、应分得的利润和其它合法权益。
合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。
第三条 合营各方签订的合营协议、合同、章程，应报中华人民共和国外国投资管理委员会，该委员会应在三个月内决定批准或不批准。 合营企业经批准后，向中华人民共和国工商行政管理总局登记，领取营业执照，开始营业。
第四条 合营企业的形式为有限责任公司。
在合营企业的注册资本中，外国合营者的投资比例一般不低于百分之二十五。
合营各方按注册资本比例分享利润和分担风险及亏损。
合营者的注册资本如果转让必须经合营各方同意。
第五条 合营企业各方可以现金、实物、工业产权等进行投资。
外国合营者作为投资的技术和设备，必须确实是适合我国需要的先进技术和设备。如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗，造成损失的，应赔偿损失。
中国合营者的投资可包括为合营企业经营期间提供的场地使用权。如果场地使用权
末作为中国合营者投资的一部分，合营企业应向中国政府缴纳使用费。
上述各项投资应在合营企业的合同和章程中加以规定，其价格(场地除外)由合营各
方评议商定。
第六条 合营企业设董事会，其人数组成由合营各方协商，在合同、章程中确定，并由合营各方委派和撤换。董事会设董事长一人，由中国合营者担任；副董事长一人或二人，由外国合营者担任。董事会处理重大问题，由合营各方根据平等互利的原则协商决定。
董事会的职权是按合营企业章程规定，讨论决定合营企业的一切重大问题：企业发展规划、生产经营活动方案、收支预算、利润分配、劳动工资计划、停业，以及总经理、副总经理、总工程师、总会计师、审计师的任命或聘请及其职权和待遇等。
正副总经理(或正副厂长)由合营各方分别担任。
合营企业职工的雇用、解雇，依法由合营各方的协议、合同规定。
【译文】
译文1
THE LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON
CHINESE-FOREIGN JOINT VENTURES(I)
(Adopted by the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress
on July l, 1979 and Promulgated on and Effective as of July 8, 1979)
Article I With a view to expanding interntional economic co-operation and technical exchange, the People's Republic of China permits foreign companies, enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals (hereafter referred to as "foreign joint venturers") to join with Chinese companies, enterprises or other economic organizations (hereafter referred to as "Chinese joint venturers") in establishing joint ventures in the People's Republic of China in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit and subject to approval by the Chinese Government.
Article 2 The Chinese Government protects, in accordance with the law, the investment of foreign joint venturers, the profits due them and their other lawful rights and interests in a joint venture, pursuant to the agreement, contract and articles of association approved by the Chinese Government.
All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3 The joint venture agreement, contract and articles of association signed by the parties to the venture shall be submitted to the Foreign Investment Commission of the People's Republic of China, and the Commission shall, within three months, decide whether to approve or disapprove them. After approval, the joint venture shall register with the General Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, obtain a licence to do business and start operations.
Article 4 A joint venture shall take the form of a limited liability company.
The proportion of the investment contributed by the foreign join venturer(s) shall generally not be less than 25% of the registered capita1 of a joint venture.
The parties to the venture shall share the profits, risks and losses in proportion to their respective contributions to the registered capital .
No assignment of the registered capital of a joint venturer shall be made without the consent of the other parties to the venture .
Article 5 Each party to a joint venture may make its investment in cash, in kind or in industrial property rights, etc.
The technology and the equipment that serve as a foreign joint venturer’s investment must be advanced technology and equipment that actually suit our country’s needs. If the foreign joint venturer causes losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technoloy and equipment, it shall pay compensation for the losses.
The investment of a Chinese joint venturer may include the right to tht use of a site provided for the joint venture during the period of its operation. If the right to the use of the site does not constitute a part of a Chinese joint venturer's investment, the joint venture shall pay the Chinese Government a fee for its use.
The various investments referred to above shall be specified in the joint venture contract and articles of association, and the value of each (excluding that of the site) shall be jointly assessed by the parties to the venture.
Article 6 A joint venture shall have a board of directors, which shall have its size and composition stipulated in the contract and the articles of association after consultation between the parties to the venture, and the directors shall be appointed and replaced by the parties to the venture. The board of directors shall have a chairman, whose office shall be assumed by the Chinese joint venturer(s), and one or two vice-chairmen, whose office(s) shall be assumed by the foreign joint venturer(s). In handling major problems, the board of directors shall reach a decision through consultation by the parties to the venture, in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit.
The board of directors is empowered, pursuant to the provisions of the articles of association of the joint venture, to discuss and decide all maior problems of the venture: expansion programmes, proposals for production and operating activities, the budget for revenues and expenditures, distribution of profits, plans concerning manpower and pay scales, the termination of business and the appointment or employment of the president, the vice-president(s), the chief engineer, the treasurer and the auditors, as well as their powers and terms of employment, etc.
The offices of president and vice-president(s)[ or factory manager and deputy manager (s)] shall be assumed by the respective partis to the ventare.
The employment and dismissal of the staff aad workers of a joint venture shall be provided for in accordance with the law in the agreement and contract of the parties to the venture.
译文2
The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Venture
Using Chinese and Foreign Investment(I)
Adopted on July1,1979 at the Second Session of the Fifth
National People’s Congress; Promulgated on July 8,1979
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