初三讲解(二) 英语基本句式
英语句子有五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。
S十V主谓结构
S十V十F主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语
五个基本句式详细解释如下：
1．S十V句式: 在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。例如：
He runs quickly．他跑得快。
They listened carefully．他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger．他挨冻受饿。
My ink has run out．我的钢笔水用完了。
2．S十V十P句式: 在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：
He seen interested in the book．他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard．书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice．饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nicc．花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before．你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill．他突然病倒了。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up．他长大后当了教师。
注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：
He looked me up and down．他上下打量我。
They are tasting the fish．他们在品尝鱼。
Please turn the sentence into English．请把这个句于泽成英语。
3．S十V十O句式: 在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt.)，因此有宾语。例如：
I saw a film yesterday．我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily．他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year． 他们去年建了一所房子。
They've put up a factory in the village． 他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children． 这些孩子他们照看得很好。
4．S十V十O1十O2句式: 在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me．他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me．他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me．他把座位让给我。
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me． 他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me．请帮我一下。
5．S十V十O十C句式: 在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day．他们发现那天她很高兴。
They named the boy Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out． 我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast．他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now．我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
Unit 2 I used to be afraid of dark.
重点短语
used to do…过去常常做某事 be afraid of… 害怕
a couple of一些，若干 contact lenses 隐形眼镜
on the swim team 在游泳队 be terrified of… 害怕，恐惧
worry about 担心 not…any more 不再
take sb. to 带某人到某地 be interested in 对感兴趣
重点句子
1. I used to be short. 2. You used to have long hair.
3. He used to be afraid of the dark. 4. She used to be terrified of being alone.
5. Did you use to wear glasses? 6. I wasn’t very outgoing…
语法讲解
1. used to do sth.
一、 used to do sth.
used to中的to是不定式符号，后加动词原形，表示“过去常常做某事，而现在已不做”，时态形式不变。
1、 肯定句: use to + v. 原形
He used to get up early. The river used to be clean.
2、 否定句: 常用didn’t use to + v. 原形
He didn’t use to get up early. The river didn’t use to be clean.
3、 疑问句：常用Did …use to…?
Did you use to be a teacher?
4、 反意疑问句
She used to live in the country, didn’t she? There used to be a big tree here, didn’t there?
二、be used to + n. / doing
be used to中的to是介词，后面加名词或doing sth.，其中be 有各种时态的变化形式，表示“习惯于……”。例：
She is used to living in the country. He is used to hard work / to working hard.
I am not used to being spoken to in that rude way.
You’ll soon be / get / become / grow used to our way of living.
I have been used to rice / eating rice.
三. used to 和一般过去时的区别：
used to 仅指过去的习惯，而且是现在已经不存在的习惯。如果用一般过去时表示过去的习惯，则需要指出时间。
My father used to smoke, but now he doesn’t smoke any more.
* used to 不能与since或for组成的时间词连用。

2. Don’t you remember me? 难道你不记得我了吗？
这句话是否定形式的疑问句，表示期待、请求或希望肯定回答的语气。
类似的句子还有：Can’t you play basketball? Isn’t it hot here?
3. Did you use to play the piano?
Yes, I did. But now I’m more interested in the violin.
be interested in 意思是 “对……感兴趣”, 表示比较级时，将more或less 放在interested前面
Are you interested in the picture?
I used to like music, but now I’m more interested in sports.
He is less interested in math than English.
4. People sure change. 人们确实会变的。
在句中是副词，表示“确实，的确”
常用作形容词，意思是确信的，无疑的，有把握的
be sure of… 对……有把握
He is sure of his success.
be sure that… 确信
I’m sure that I can win.
be sure to do… 一定要做某事
Be sure to see the movie, it’s great.
make sure 确定，查明
Make sure that they can hear you.
5. I used to be afraid of being alone. 我过去害怕独处。
A: be afraid of sth/doing, be afraid to do sth 害怕……，害怕做……
I used to be afraid of snakes. He used to be afraid of speaking in front of a group.
He is a afraid to walk home at night.
B: alone是形容词，意思是“单独的”，“独自的”
The old lady lives alone in the house. 这个老妇人独自住在这座房子里。
He likes being alone. 他喜欢独处。
alone 与 lonely的辨析
alone是形容词，做表语；lonely可以做表语，也可以做定语。
alone的意思是“单独的，独自的”，而lonely则指“孤独的，寂寞的”
The old man lives alone, but she doesn’t feel lonely.
这位老人独自生活，但并不感到孤独。
6．I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. 我开着卧室的灯睡觉。
表示附带、伴随的状况，意思是“一边……着，同时”
He left with the door open. She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.
7. Before I started high school, I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends, but I just don’t have the time any more.
A．spend 动词，表示“花费（时间、金钱等），度过”，用法如下：
spend (time, money) on sth. 在某事上花费（时间、金钱）
Mary spends more than an hour on homework everyday.
He spent ten dollars on the book.
spend …(in) doing sth 花费…做…
He spends much time playing games with his friends after school.
B．any more 意思是“（不）再，再也（不）”，用于否定句和疑问句
They don’t live here any more.
8. My life has changed a lot in the last few years.
in the last…或in the past…意思是“在过去的…时间里”，这个短语一般要和完成时连用。
He has made a great progress in the last few months.
难点分析
1. afford 经受得起，负担得起
I can’t afford the expense.
2. he often got into trouble with the police.
get into trouble with 与…产生麻烦，和…发生问题
3. his mother was very patient, and she didn’t give up trying to help him.
give up sth. / doing sth. 放弃
You have to give up smoking, it’s good for your health.
练习题
单项选择
( ) 1. Mario is afraid of _______ alone.
A. be B. being C. is D. are
( ) 2. More and more people like ______ to music.
A. listen B. listens C. listening D. listened
( ) 3. I used _______ TV in the evenings.
A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. watch
( ) 4. I used to have short hair but now I have _____ hair.
A. curly B. long C. straight D. yellow
( ) 5. Most of us will spend more time ______ lessons.
A. study B. to study C. studying D. studied
( ) 6. My sister likes music. My father used to take her to the _____________.
A. hospital B. amusement park C. concert D. school
( ) 7.Mother ___ us stories when we were young.
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling
( )8．___ used to ___ an old bookshelf in my room.
A. There ,be B. There, have C. It, Be D. There, having
( )9．Lina didn’t go to school yesterday, did she?
-- ________. Because she was badly ill.
A. Yes, she did B. Yes, she didn’t C. No, she didn’t D. No, she did
( ) 10．.Mike said he was _____________ in the ___________ comics .
A. interested, interesting B. interested , interested
C. interesting , interesting D. interesting ,
( ) 11．. Steve used to be quiet , but now he is __________________.
A. quieter B. more quickly C. noisy D. outgoing
( ) 12. His father used to be ___________ the football team .
A. at B. for C. with D. on
( ) 13. I found learning English ____ because the teacher’s pronunciation was _____.
A. interesting , easy B. hard , not good C. difficult , good D. frustrating , sweet
( ) 14. All of us were _________ at the _________news .
A. amazing , amazing B. amazing , amazed
C. amazed, amazing D. amazed , amazed
( ) 15. Which of the following is a kind of insect?
A. spider B. snake C. monkey D. elephant
完型填空：
Mr. Harris lived in a small house by himself. He was always 1 about what he ate and drank, and he never 2 when the weather was cold. He was always afraid that he was getting terribly ill, 3 he often went to his doctor, and the doctor was getting very 4 of him, because he had more other work 5 .
Then one day Mr. Harries hurried 6 the doctor’s office and told him he was sure he had a terrible illness, which he had 7 about in the newspaper. He showed the doctor the 8 . The doctor read it 9 and then said, “But, Mr. Harris, people don’t know when they have this illness! And they feel just well. ”
“Oh, my goodness, ”said Mr. Harris. “I thought so. That’s just 10 I feel! ”
（ ）1. A. careful B. worried C. worry D. care
（ ）2. A. went by B. go by C. goes out D. went out
（ ）3. A. because B. and C. so D. though
（ ）4. A. enjoying B. enjoy C. tired D. tiring
（ ）5. A. to do B. do C. doing D. did
（ ）6. A. into B. from C. out of D. at
（ ）7. A. see B. read C. look D. write
（ ）8. A. photo B. book C. article D. information
（ ）9. A. careful B. carefully C. doubtful D. quick
（ ）10. A. what B. all C. the same D. how
阅读理解：
（A）
Richard was very stingy. He hated spending money. Whenever he had to buy something, he always wanted to pay less money, even for the cheapest things. If he wanted to buy a bottle of juice, for example, and the shopkeeper asked for $2, Richard would say, “Make it $1.90 and I’ll buy it. ”
Sometimes the shopkeepers had to agree with him, “What’s ten cents? ”they asked themselves, “If it makes it $1.90, the man is happy, and it won’t hurt my very much. ”
In this way Richard saved a few cents here and a few cents there, and by the end of the year he had saved several hundred dollars.
One day he had a very bad toothache and had to go to see the dentist. The dentist looked at the tooth and said, “This tooth will have to come out. ”“How much shall I pay for it? ”Richard asked.
“Forty dollars, ”the dentist said.
“Forty dollars! ”Richard thought it was too much expensive.
“How long will it take you to pull out the tooth? ”he asked.
“About two minutes, ”the dentist said.
Richard could not believe what he was hearing. “Forty dollars for two minutes’work! ”he shouted, “That’s robbery. ”
“You’re right, ”the dentist said with a smile.
“Thank you for telling me. Let me spend half an hour on that, will you? ”
“OK, but I’ll pay only thirty-five dollars! ”he replied.
阅读上文，从A，B，C，D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
（ ）1. From the story, we know Richard ______.
A. usually had a toothache B. was very poor
C. didn’t like spending money D. was from America
（ ）2. The shopkeepers _______.
A. usually made the price high B. were friendly to Richard
C. didn’t like Richard at all D. gave Richard more than what he wanted
（ ）3. The dentist might think Richard ______.
A. lovely B. silly C. friendly D. selfish
（ ）4. If Richard wanted to buy a pen that’s $5, he would pay ______ for it.
A. $5 B. $6 C. $4.8 D. $2.5
（ ）5. The word “stingy”in the first sentence means _____.
A. 吝啬的 B. 愚蠢的 C. 刻薄的 D. 贫穷的
（B）
It was Sunday yesterday. Bruc,,,e went to play football with his friends. Soon he felt hot and took off his coat. On his way home, he forgot to put it on again. This morning he felt unwell and couldn’t go to school. His mother told him to stay in bed and then went to buy some medicine for him. An hour later he wouldn’t lie there, so he stood by the window. The sun was shining and the birds were singing in the trees. Soon his mother came back and said, “It’s warmer outside. Go to sun yourself after you take the medicine. ”
Bruce went out and sat on a step and played alone. At that time a salesman （推销员）came up to him and asked, “Has your mother come back, my little friend? ”
“Yes, sir, ”answered the boy.
The man began to ring the doorbell, but nobody answered. He rang it for a long time and became angry.
“I don’t think you are an honest（诚实的）boy, ”said the salesman. “There’s no one in the house. You’ve played a joke on （捉弄）me! ”
“I don’t think so, sir, ”said Bruce. “The house isn’t ours. ”
（ ）1. Bruce caught a cold ______.
A. when he was playing football B. when he returned home
C. after he went to bed D. after he got up this morning
（ ）2. This morning Bruce didn’t go to school because ______.
A. their holiday began B. it was very cold
C. his mother made him stay at home D. he was ill and had to lie in bed
（ ）3. Bruce played alone this morning because _____.
A. he had no friends B. his friends were all at school
C. he had nothing to do at home D. his friends were all ill in bed
（ ）4. The word“sun”in the story means “______”.
A. 太阳 B. 月亮 C. 晒 D. 晒干
（ ）5. The salesman came to ______.
A. sell something to Bruce’s mother B. tell something important to Bruce’s mother
C. see Bruce’s mother D. help Bruce’s mother
（ ）6. Which of the following is true?
A. Bruce wanted to play a joke on the salesman. B. Bruce hoped to laugh at the salesman.
C. Bruce was honest. D. Bruce’s mother went out.
写作
（一）．从小到大，我们都有着很多的变化，如外貌、性格、喜欢做的事情……
A. wear glasses B. play basketball C. shy D. play the piano E. short F. have curly hair G. outgoing H. like tests I. friendly J. play tennis
1. Maria used to be_________________, but now she is not.
2. He used to __________________ with others, but now he doesn’t like to play those things.
3. She has changed a lot. She used to _____________, but now she doesn’t.
（二）．阅读下面的文章，完成任务
(A) I am a middle school student. These years I have changed a lot. I used to be shy, but now I am outgoing. I used to like playing basketball, but now I like reading books. When I am in school, I work harder than before. And my learning methods have changed, too. I like English. I used to study it by making flash cards and making vocabulary lists. But now I study it by listening to cassettes and learning grammar. Rules in school are also different from primary school. I used to eat in class but now I can’t. I used to keep long hair, but now I must have short hair. Everything has changed.
(B) 根据例文，介绍你的一个好朋友或你的一个同学在以上几个方面现在和过去的改变。
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