基础班语法-宾语从句
宾语从句是用来充当宾语成分的句子.其构成为"引导词+主语+谓语+其它",其语序是陈述句语序.引导宾语从句的连接词很多,多有实在意义,称为有意连词;that也可以引导宾语从句,但本身没有实在意义,称为无意连词.
一, 明确三种类型
宾语从句根据其引导词的不同可分为三种类型:
1. 由连词that引导的宾语从句,如:
He said (that) it was Sunday yesterday.
2. 由连词if/whether引导的宾语从句,如:
Could you tell me if /whether there will be a test next week
3. 由 which, when, how, why, where, what, who, whom等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句,如:
I don't know how I can get there.
二, 理顺三个步骤
把两个单句组成含有宾语从句的复合句时,合并变化应遵循以下三个步骤:
1. 确定引导词
根据从句的句子类型选择正确的引导词.若从句为陈述句,则引导词为that(that在口语中常省略);若从句是一般疑问句,选择疑问句或反意疑问句,则引导词为if或whether;若从句是特殊疑问句,则引导词由疑问词转化而来的疑问代词/副词.
2. 调整语序注意:在宾语从句中,其语序为陈述句,其结构为:主句+连接代词+主语+谓语+其他成分.若原句是疑问句式,则应将它调整为陈述句语序.如:
1) Is he going to the shop I want to know.(改为含宾语从句的复合句)
I want to know__________________________________________.
2) When does he get up Do you know (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
Do you know ____________________________
3. 变换时态
A. 若主句谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,宾语从句可根据实际情况选用所需要的任何时态.如:
1) He says (that) he ______________(完成 )the work tomorrow.
2) I think (that) they__________________________(早就去了) Beijing.
B. 若主句谓语动词是一般过去时,则宾语从句动词的时态用过去时的某种形式(如:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时等).如:
1) She asked if/whether he _______________________(动身去)Shanghai soon.
2) He said (that) they _________( have )a very good journey.
另外,还需考虑标点的使用和人称的变化.
A. 带宾语从句的主从复合句的标点由主句来决定.若主句是陈述句,则用句号;若主句是疑问句,则用问号.如:
1) When do we arrive We don't know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
We don't know_________________________.
2) What time does the ship leave Do you know (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
Do you know ____________________________________
B. 需变为宾语从句的句子的主语如果是第一人称,则随主句的主语变(主句主语是第几人称,则宾语从句的主语变为第几人称);如果是第二人称,则随主句的宾语变(主句宾语是第几人称,则宾语从句的主语变为第几人称);如果是第三人称,则不要变(宾语从句的主语仍用第三人称).如:
1) Shall I go there He asked me. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
He asked me ________________________________________.
2) Will you go there He asked me. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
He asked me___________________________________
3) Will she go there He asked me. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
He asked me_____________________________________.
三, 加强三点注意
1. 时态不变
当宾语从句的内容是客观事实,客观真理,名言,自然现象等,从句时态不受主句限制.
不论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时态.如:
The earth goes around the sun. The teacher said. (改为宾语从句)
The teacher said ______________________________________________.
2. "两副面孔"
if和when等既能引导宾语从句,又能引导状语从句.因此,碰到此种情况要认真分析看它们属于"两副面孔"的哪一种.当从句表示将来时, 若引导的是宾语从句,它们的时态常用一般将来时;若引导的是状语从句,它们的时态常用一般现在时代替一般将来时.如:
1) I don't know if/when he_____________(come) tomorrow.(宾语从句)
2) If/When he________( come), he'll tell you about it.(状语从句)
3. 从句的简化
A. 当主句谓语动词为hope, wish, decide, choose, agree等,且主句与从句主语相同时,从句可简化为不定式结构.如:
He agreed that he could help me with my English.
→He agreed __________________with my English.
B. 当主句谓语动词为hear, see, watch等感官动词时,从句常简化为"宾语+宾补"结构,宾补为不带to的不定式或v-ing形式.如:
I heard that some children sang / were singing some songs.
→I heard some children _________ some songs.
C. 在连接代/副词引导的宾语从句中,当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语相一致时,宾语从句可简化为"连接代/副词+不定式"结构.如:
I don't know what I should do.
→I don't know_________________.
[第一关] 情境关
that引导的宾语从句可以作动词,形容词等的宾语.主句中常见的谓语动词有say, know, hear, see, hope, think, believe, write, tell等.系动词加形容词afraid, worried, sure等后,也可用that引导的宾语从句.
如:I hope that he will come back soon. 我希望他能快点回来.
I am sure that he will write to me. 我相信他会给我写信.
I'm afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. 恐怕如果你把它弄丢了,就得照价赔偿.
[第二关] 引导词that省略关
在由that引导的宾语从句中,由于连词that只起引导功能,无具体意义,不作句子成分, 因此在口语或非正式文体中常可省略,省略之后不影响原句性质和意义.
如:She said (that) she would leave the book on his desk.她说她会把那本书放在他的桌子上.
但是,在下列情况下,that不宜省略:
1. 主从句之间有插入语时.如:It says here, on this card, that it was used in plays.卡片上写着,它过去是演戏用的.
2. 从句中的主语是that时.如:He thought that that was a washing machine.他认为那是一台洗衣机.
3. 若出现两个或两个以上的that宾语从句,且由并列连词连接时,只有第一个连接词that可以省去,其余需保留.如:My aunt said (that) she would come and that she would also bring her daughter. 我姑姑说她要来,还要带她的女儿来.
[第三关] 否定转移关
主句若是I/We think (believe, guess, suppose, imagine...)时,后面的宾语从句若要表示否定概念时,一般应将否定词not 转移到主句的谓语中.
如:_______________________________________________. 我认为你不对.
[第世关] 反意疑问句关
含that宾语从句的复合句在变成反意疑问句时,如果主句的谓语动词为think,believe, guess, suppose, imagine等且主语是第一人称时,附加疑问部分要由从句决定;反之,附加疑问部分由主句决定.
如:I don't think that he can answer this question,___________ 我认为他答不出这个问题,不是吗
He said that Mary liked playing football,____________ 他说玛莉喜欢踢足球,不是吗
一.句型转换.
1).How does he get on with his new classmates Could you tell me (改为含有宾语从句的复合句)
2).What is he doing there Mother didn't know. (改为含有宾语从句的复合句
3).You'd better ask your mother whether is it cheap enough before you try it on.(改错)
4)What's his name I asked him.(改为含有宾语从句的复合句)
5) Why didn't he look happy Could you tell me (改为含有宾语从句的复合句)
6) Does he still live in that street I don't know(改为含有宾语从句的复合句)
7) Whose children is the old woman looking after Did you find out (改为含有宾语从句的复合句)
8) The moon moves round the earth. My sister told me.(同上)
9) I think it is not going to snow tomorrow.(改错)
10). "Do you want to try something new." Tom's mother asked him.(同义句转换)
二,翻译下列句子,用含宾语从句的复合句.
1.你要记住你妈妈说的话

2.猜一猜,我喜欢哪一门功课
3.你能告诉我怎样才能得到那些信息呢
4.你能告诉我他为什么常常迟到吗
5.我想知道明天你是否来开会.

6.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑.
7.我原以为你今天有空的.
选择题:
1.In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.
A.that B.how C.what D.if
2.—I don't know _____ Mr.Green will come to see us.
—He will help us with our English.
A.why B.when C.how D.where
3.—We never know _____ the old m an is.
—They say he is a teacher.
A.what B.who C.which D.where
4.I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers
A.that how B.how that C.when that D.that when
5.—Do you know _____ I'm going to see him.
—Sorry,I don't know.
A.where does Mr.Li live B.where did Mr.Li live
C.where Mr.Li lives D.where Mr.Li lived
6.—W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer
—Sorry,I have no idea. A./;bought B.has;bought C.did;buy D.does;buy
7.I don't feel very well.Mum asked me _____this morning.
A. what the matter is B.what is wrong
C.what the matter was D.what wrong was
8.—Where is Jack
—He is away to spend his holiday.He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ . A.that B.which C.where D.there
9 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.
A. took B. take C. takes D. will take
10. Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been
11. The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.
A. had B. has . C. will have D. are
12 She asked Linda if___ go and get some.
A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may
13 Linda said the moon___ round the earth.
A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled
14. Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty
A. who B. what C. when D. that
15 I don't know ___ they have passed the exam.
A. what B. if C. when D. where
16 I hardly understand.___ he has told me.
A. that B. what C. which D. who
17. She didn't know___ back soon.
A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be D. if he will come
18.I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B where C. what D.when